Thursday, 29 November 2018

HERO, SATI & NAVAKANDA STONES, PULIKUTHI KARKAL, VEERA KALLU, நடு கற்கள்.

The hero stones/ Nadukarkal in Tamil are erected in remembrance of a hero who lost his life either in a battle/ war,  in the process of recovering the cattle, or in killing wild animals that attack and kill the villagers/cattle. In some cases, the hero stones are also erected for domestic / pet animals like dogs, Cock, etc, which save the life of their master or the general public.  In addition to the above memorial stones called Navakandam / Arikanda stones, there are also memorial stones erected for the heroes who killed themselves by cutting their heads. This is mainly for the victory of their country in a war between two countries, to save the king from any disease, etc. This used to happen in front of Kotravai. The hero stones are worshiped by their descendants. If a lady, along with the hero, is shown, it means that the hero's wife took sati after the hero's death. These types of nadukarkal are called "Sati Stones".

Some of the hero stones have inscriptions in Tamil vattezhuthu, which speak about the hero's Name, the reason for his death, and the person who erected the hero stone ( only the blood relatives used to erect - Pangalikal ), etc.  Usually, the hero will be holding an arrow, a Bow, a spear, a Sword, or a Shield in his hands. The dress below the waist will be shown. In some of the heroes, stones, and arrows will be shown on the body of the hero, which means the hero died due to the hitting of a single or multiple arrows. The hero stones are mainly found in the districts of  South Arcot, North Arcot, Thiruvannamalai, Erode, Salem, and Dharmapuri, ie north part of Tamil Nadu.

The erection of hero stones has been followed since the 3rd century BCE. The erection of hero stones and worship are mentioned in the "Sangam literature" Purananooru, Akananooru, Pattinapalai, Aingurunooru, and Malaipadukadam. In 23 places or songs, the hero stones are mentioned. It was also learned from the Sangam literature that the hero stones were erected for the Kings Koperunchozhan and Adhyaman Neduman Anchi. Unfortunately, these hero stones cannot be traced now. The 3 hero stones found by the Archaeology department at Puliman Kombai in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, are believed to be the oldest and belong to the 3rd Century BCE in India.

Poetry from Purananooru, a Sangam period (300 BCE to 300 CE) Tamil Literature, mentions a hero stone of the Chozha King Koperun Chozhan.

நினையாக் கூற்றம் இன் உயிர் உய்த்தன்று
பைதல் ஒக்கல் தழீஇ அதனை
வைகம் வம்மோ வாய்மொழிப் புலவீர்
நனந்தலை உலகம் அரந்தை தூங்கக்
கெடுவில் நல்லிசை சூடி
நடுகல் ஆயினன் புரவலன் எனவே  
(புறநானூறு 221, 8-13)

PLACE
DESCRIPTION
 
Ariyalur Dist
 
 
Kelaiyur
Arikanda Hero Stone
 
 
 
 
Chengalpattu Dist
 
 
Indalur
 
Irusumanallur
 
Kondangi
 
Manampathy
 
Orathy
Thalaipalikal
 
Punnamai
 
 
 
 
Chennai Dist
 
 
Mambalam-West
 
Mint Street
 
Mylapore-Draupati Amm..Temple 
 
Tiruvottiyur
 
Koyambedu
Sati Stone Theepanja Amman Temple
 
 
 
 
Coimbatore Dist
 
 
Devanampalayam
 
Kapplangarai
 
Malumixhampatty
 
Periyakalanthai
 
SP Vadukapalayam Kuttai
Malakoil - Hero Sthambam
 
SP Vadukapalayam Kuttai
Memorial Stone for Musicians
 
Vadasithur
 
 
 
 
Cuddalore Dist
 
 
Thillai Kali Amman Temple
 
 
 
 
Dindigul Dist
 
 
Kalamedu - Amman Temple
Arikanda Hero Stone
 
Kalamedu - Shiva Temple
Hero Stone  with Vattezhuthu inscriptions
 
 
 
 
Erode Dist
 
 
Anthiyur
 
Bommanahalli
 
Chennimalai
 
Chikka Halli School
 
Chikka Halli School
 
Chikka Halli School
 
Gobi Arts & Science
 
Gundri
 
Gundri, Roland Nagar
 
Iggalore
 
Ingur
 
Injampalli
 
Kalaimakal School
 
Kaliyur
 
Kangeyam
 
KanjiKoil
 
Kavindapadi
 
Malayapalayam
 
Malayapalayam
 
Marur
 
Mottanam
 
Nambiyur
Pulikuthi Hero Stone
 
Narasamangala
 
Neithalapuram
 
Olagadam
 
Palappalayam
 
Patlur
 
Patlur
 
Pazhamangalam
 
Periyapuliyur
 
Perundalaiyur
 
Sarkar Periyapalayam
 
Thalavadi
 
Thingalur
 
Thukkachi
 
Vijayamangalam
 
Voipadi
 
 
 
 
Kanchipuram Dist
 
 
Kachabeswarar Temple
 
Kayar
 
Manimangalam  
 
Marakkanam
 
Melolakkur
 
Munnur
 
Palur
 
 
 
 
Karur Dist
 
 
Munnur
 
Munnur
 
Nerur
 
Pasupathypalayam
 
Pavithram
 
 
 
 
Krishnagiri Dist 
 
 
Ar Thalli Koot Road
 
Avalur
 
Badethalab Eri
 
Beyanapalli
 
Guddapatti
 
Gullupatti
 
Kaveri Pattinam
 
Kaveripattinam
 
Kundani
 
Kundani 
 
Molankuttai
 
Nedungal
 
Pachakanampalli
 
Pagalahalli
 
Penneswaramadam
 
Pulla Kovilur
 
 
 
 
Madurai Dist
 
 
Keezhakuyilkudi
 
 
 
 
Namakkal Dist
 
 
Kolli Hills
 
Kolli Hills
 
Namakkal, Narasimhar Temple
 
Sowdapuram
Hero stone 
 
 
 
 
Nilgiris Kothagiri
 
 
Banagudi
 
Betalada
 
Sholurmattam
 
 
 
 
Ranipet Dist
 
 
Pallur 
 
 
 
 
Salem Dist
 
 
Aragalur/ Periyeri
 
Aruna
 
Athivalavu
 
Athuvalavu & Yelupuli
 
Chinnakuttimaduvu
 
Chinnakuttimaduvu
 
Chittoor
Sati Stone
 
Periya Kuttimaduvu
 
Puzhuthikuttai
 
Sri Kailasanathar 
 
Tharamangalam
 
Tharamangalam, Murugan Temple
 
Tharamangalam, Police Station
 
Vellarivalli
Sati Stone
 
Yelupuli
 
 
 
 
Thanjavur Dist
 
 
Saraswathy Mahal
 
Thiruchotruthurai
 
 
 
 
Theni Dist
 
 
Sengulam, Thangammalpuram
Hero Sthambam/ Malakoil
 
Sengulam, Thangammalpuram
Sati Stone
 
Sengulam, Thangammalpuram
Yanaikuthi Pattan Kal
 
 
 
 
Thiruvannamalai Dist
 
 
Arani
 
Eduthanur
 
Jambai
 
Kappalur
 
Mallikapuram-Sathanur
 
Manampathy
 
Melapunjai
 
MelChenga ( Pannai)
 
Mothakal
 
Mottur
 
Nedungunam
 
Padiagragaram
 
Periakolapadi
 
Periakolapadi
 
R Kunnathur
Hero Stone
 
Se. Gudalur
 
Thandrampattu
 
Thenmathimangala
 
Thorapadi
 
Ukkal
 
 
 
 
Tirunelveli Dist
 
 
Manur
Hero Stones
 
 
 
 
Tirupattur Dist 
 
 
Alankuppam
 
Elagiri Village
 
Semmanthikuppam
 
Vinnamangalam
 
Vinnamangalam  
 
Vinnamangalam-Chavadi
 
 
 
 
Tiruppur Dist
 
 
Amandakadavu
Malakoil - Hero Sthambam
 
Amandakadavu
Thai Nadukal
 
Avinashi
 
J Krishnapuram
Thai Nadukal
 
Kadathur
 
Kangeyampalayam
 
Kariyagoundanur
 
Karumpuravipalayam Site 1 & 2
Malakoil - Hero Sthambam
 
Kethanur
Malakoil - Hero Sthambam
 
Kottamangalam
 
Metrathi
 
Navanari
Hero Stone - Head Priest
 
Navanari
Hero Stones
 
Navanari
Memorial Stone
 
Palladam, Panapalayam,
Hero Stone
 
Palladam, Panapalayam,
Hero Stone, Sri Soriya Appichi Temple
 
Periyamolarapatti
Malakoil - Hero Sthambam
 
S Kumarapalayam
Pulikuthi Hero Stone
 
SarkarPeriyapalayam
 
Sarkarperiyapalayam
 
Sembagoundampalayam
 
Sevur
 
Sinnaripalayam
Hero - Sati Stone
 
Tiruppur, Pichampalayam
Puli Suttu Pattan Nadukal
 
Tiruppur, Pongupalayam
 
Tiruppur, Sellandiamman Temple
Memorial stone
 
Vadakkalur
 
 
 
 
Trichy Dist
 
 
Thiruvaanaikaval
 
Thiruvellarai
 
 
 
 
Tiruvallur Dist
 
 
Pakasalai, Lakshmivilasapuram
Arikanda Hero Stone
 
Panabakkam
Arikanda Hero Stone
 
Thiruvalangadu
 
Thiruverkadu
 
Thirumizhisai
Nadukal/ Kings Potrait
 
 
 
 
Vellore Dist
 
 
Melpadi
 
Thiruparkadal
 
Vellore Fort
 
 
 
 
Villupuram Dist
 
 
Chemmaneri
 
Munnur Colony
Ma Sati Kal near Mariamman Temple
 
Munnur, Selliamman Temple
Navakanda Hero Stone
 
Ongur
 
Udayarnatham
 
 
 
 
OTHER STATES
 
 
Andhra Pradesh
 
 
Amaravati
ASI, Buddhist Museum
 
Appalayagunta
 
Gudimallam
 
Gudimallam
 
Kesavaram
Hero stone
 
Mallam
 
Ramagiri
 
Sejerla, Sri Kapoteswara Temple
Hero stones
 
Thondamanadu
Thoonguthalai Hero Stones
 
 
 
 
Goa
 
 
Old Goa
Archaeological Museum
 
 
 
 
Karnataka
 
 
Aihole,  ASI Museum
 
Badami,  ASI Museum
 
Bannur
 
Basaral
 
Begur
 
Chikkahole
 
Doddagadavalli
 
Doddathuppur
 
Hale Alur
 
Hale Budanur
 
Halebeedu
 
Halebeedu
 
Hampi
 
Honganoor
 
Kalale
 
Kaliyuru
 
Kaliyuru
 
Kamalapura & Hampi
 
Kambadahalli
 
Kikkeri
Sati Stone - Ondikai Masti kallu
 
Kolaramman  
 
Koravangala
 
Madikeri Fort Museum
Sati and Hero Stones
 
Malahalli
 
Mudikondam
 
Nandhi Hills
 
Pattadakal,  ASI Museum
 
Savappapetta
 
Thondanoor Lake bed
Hero Stones
 
Thondanoor 
 
Tippur
Hero Stone
 
 
 
 
Kerala
 
 
Wayanad Heritage Museum
 
Wayanad Museum
 
 
 
 
Madhya Pradesh
 
 
Bhopal
Tribal Museum
 
Mandu
Archaeological Museum
 
 
 
 
Telangana
 
 
Ramappa Temple
Hero Stone
 
Warangal Fort, Entrance
Hero Stone
 
Warangal Fort, Khush Mahal
Hero stones
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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